Biological erosion

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Because these consists of matters solved in the water very weakly. Erosion materials from 3rd group will create basic mineral compounds in future in generation of land.
Fourth group erosion products as we noted, consist of salts and therefore some part of them forms nutrition items of land and many part is washed away with rivers and taken to environments.
According to the degree of erosion, the erosion products differ from each other. Products of 1st degree erosion are called as crumb–clayey type of erosion products. Mostly mineral crumbs are found here. Medium level erosion products are called as clayey and alafan type erosion. Clayey products have been developed here mostly. At last, top eroded products are called as clayey-lateric type of erosion. Irons and aluminum hydrates are mostly found in their structure
Until beginning of life on Earth that we lived erosion rocks is implemented only by mechanical and biological erosion. As life begin, a new factor in cracking of rocks, i.e. emerging of lively beings. Biological and mechanical erosion of rocks occurred under influence of the flora and fauna. Plant cover, especially trees had been influencing on rocks with their roots like a mechanical strength. Sometimes roots of the trees growing on precipice rocks were intruded in layers of rocks and so widened primary cracks. So this factor was a cause for breakage of rocks to pieces. Cover of plant which guard against the dampness in itself could increase its influence on rocks through water. Organic acids accumulated in roots of plant cover had directly influenced at mineral part of rocks and changed their chemical composition gradually. At last, many organic acids formed from decaying of either of plant or insects after dearth had influenced on rocks as one solution and created conditions for forming of new chemical compounds. Role of the insects and small organism (microbe and bacterium) is big in biological erosion. E.g: Earthworm and field mice living in soil layer increase influence of the air (oxygen and CO2) to rocks when land is formed and intensified erosion of rocks, too. One can come to such conclusion from aforesaid that in general, basic mineral part of the land is formed under influence of process of erosion. As we noted already at result of both mechanical and chemical erosion only erosion products are formed. Such condition arises on products of erosion, so primitive plants begin to develop here. E.g: Plants of water-plant and moss. They change erosion products completely and form a new feature at them. In the result of influence of biosphere on erosion products process of land forming begins on such products. One can make such conclusion from here that participation of biosphere in turning of rocks to land is considered as absolute conditions.
In general, it is possible to define two basic stages in turning of rocks to land: The first stage, in other word it is called as preliminary stage. Rocks here are eroded only under the influence of atmosphere and hydrosphere. In this stage only products of erosion appear. The second stage begins in the result of biosphere’s influence. And primitive plants and lively organisms participate at this stage. From beginning of this stage the process of land forming at rocks begins. Gradually under influence of biosphere new ability like productivity ability appears at erosion products. In other words property able to provide the plant cover in the mass formed newly appears. Land name is given to this new mass. According to Professor Dokuchayev’s definition: New natural mass which was formed at result of joint activity of rock, climate, plant, animal world, relief and the man is called as land.
It turns out that distinguishing sign of the land and rocks is availability of productivity ability in the land. Sediments which do not have this ability we treat as erosion products, or we should consider them as mother layer of the land.

Factors forming land.
Land forming process is dependent on the general natural condition. As per professor Kossovich land forming process is dependent on the many different land forming factors. In the result of joint influence of these factors different kind of land is formed. Factors forming land consists of below given:
1. Mother rock
2. Plant and the animal world (Flora and fauna)
3. Climate
4. Relief
5. The age of the place
It is possible to note a cultural activity of man as a factor forming land. Flora and fauna are most important factors among those which form land, in other word biological factor. But other factors have direct (indirect) influence in process of land forming.
1. Mother rocks. All land have been generated from mother rocks, therefore rocks have important participation in process of land forming. Chemical composition of the rocks has direct influence on land cover in land forming process. If rock is rich by mineralogical composition a land formed on these rocks will be so quality and productive. Contrarily if land is formed on young and simple mineralogical rocks it will be weak and low quality by composition. Physical system of the rocks has influence in process of land forming, too. E.g.: as chemical and biological erosion on rocks with heavy clay goes weakly, land cover had not developed completely and it can remain in the primitive circumstance status. Moreover such type of rocks keep dampness in itself and by passing of time it causes generating of swamps. In soft porous lands a process of erosion goes on normal rate and under influence of weather decaying of organic remainders occurs intensively, land being developed on such rocks is deemed to be normal types of land. It turns out that depending on chemical composition and physical systems of the rocks different kind and type of land may be formed.
The most valuable rock carbonate is lös and lös like rocks for land forming. Very fertile black land is generated on such rocks mostly. But on alluvial and sandy sediments lands with less provision of weak nutrition items are developed. Moreover salty rocks settled on old sea basins mostly form saline soils. One can make such conclusion that chemical composition of the rocks has influence directly both on development of soil and its chemical composition.
1. It is on the basis of own life. Plant enriches the top surface of the land with food matter during time lived. After death plant remainders have decayed gradually and it forms the main organic part of the land. Such organic members in composition of land cause development of very useful organisms inside of it. As we knew, plant cover has an influence on climate, too. E.g: if we shall compare forest cover with plain plant we can meet increase of dampness under forest plant, low level of temperature and decrease of water. So, lands under forest plant are always in saturated of dampness condition. But dampness does development quickly under plain plant, so we meet low level of dampness and intensive development of water. It turns out that under these two plant covers climate condition will be different from each other, so a land cover will be also various.
3. Climate. Climate has also big importance in process of land forming. The temperature and rainfall can be shown as elements of the climate. Depending on amount of these two elements land formation process will happen in the different way. E.g: Climate condition of the Tundra zone is not suitable for land forming. Because low temperature from one side and frozen condition of land for most time, less rainfall cause a generation of primitive swampy soils. But moderate climate plain zones, middle amount of rainfall, richness of the plant cover creates conditions here for development of typical black soils. But less dampness, high temperature, weakness of the plant cover in the Southern countries creates conditions here for development of grey, weakly developed, saline soils. So, development of various land types in these 3 zones is dependent on climatic condition of these zones.
4. Relief. Relief is counted as passive factor forming land. Changing of relief leads to climate changes. So, as relief is smooth in lowland the temperature and rainfall will be of equal level. But as relief in the mountain zones is different, and sometimes depending on high, low, smooth forms the temperature and amount of the rainfall will be appropriated differently depending on forms of the relief. Therefore, if we meet at lowland places one kind of soil but land types and kinds change in the upland places often. By changing of the relief it is possible to say that relief creates "microclimatic" conditions. That is mountain zone has own climate, foothill has own climate and lowland has own climates. Moreover, relief can influence to washing off of the land cover and land cover has always been washed by waters at very sunken places and it is taken away to lowland regions. In this circumstance depending on the relief we meet diminishing of land layers in high mountainous places and increasing of land layers in lowlands. So by change of relief the land cover is changed, too.
5. Age of the land. General events in the nature occur in its inside for a time. Therefore an age has great importance in development of land. In general, age of the land is time passed from its generation from mother rock till reaching complete developed period. Age of the land is dependent on the age of country. As much as country is freed from influence of ice or waters and its mother rocks remained under influence of foreign nature, the age of land will be much, too. One can meet young lands on new rocks. E.g. Black lands at seacoast in the territory of the USSR at southern plains are deemed to be oldest by age. Because when these lands developed at South the lands in the northern part of the USSR remained under the glaciers yet.
6. Influence of man on land development: A man has various influences on land. A man uses these lands for getting agricultural products with its cultural influence. He ploughs the land, fertilizes it, irrigates, dry the swamps etc to increase a productivity of land. Such measures change land formation processes, composition of the land and its morphological structure. Cutting of forests by people can turn raw land to swampy soils and to bogs gradually. Cutting of forests in Southern regions influences on their climate and primary forests lands turn to chestnut type lands. Excessive irrigation of lands in lowland can turn the most lands to saline lands. So it is possible to say so that human activities can deeply change primitive lands to other lands. Moreover systematical fertilization of lands by man leads to productive cultural lands from raw lands. So, as we noted above land formation factors have influence on rocks by being interrelated. Change of any of these factors leads to formation of different types of land. Therefore, few useless land types on earth can be combined in few land types because of their role in land formation process. Types of basic land formation process are as under.
1. Podzol type of land formation process
2. Bog type of land formation process
3. Black land type of land formation process
4. Desert plain type of land formation process
5. Saline and saline type of land formation process
6. Laterit type of land formation process
Types of land that we noted above spreading on earth, can form zones of definite land or land zones. E.g: Podzol land zone has been located in the zone of taiga and forest. Lands of such type have been spread in the tundra zone, too
Bog type of land has spread in the zone of tundra and forest.
Black type of lands has been developed in the zone of the most basic plain. By moving gradually to south and south-east from plain desert and plain zone begins. Chestnut, grey land has been developed in this zone. Saline and saline type lands in the inside of this zone can be found less.
Laterit type of lands are found usually in the condition of tropical and subtropical climate
These types of lands in the USSR are met in western Georgia and southern part of Azerbaijan in Talysh region.

Unique land formation process
One can reach to conclusion that in general, land cover of the each country has settled in definite zones on some types. These zones of land always develop and they have genetic connection with each other. Or to be true, one land zone has been formed from zone of another land. Basing on that academician Williams has put forward a theory of "unique land formation process". According to sayings of this scientist, land is dynamic moving mass. Therefore a land passes a period of development since primitive generation till the modern period. If we have looked through the past geological history of our place, according to this scholar the territory of the USSR was covered once completely with glaciers. Gradually connected with changing of the climate, glaciers have melted and taiga zone formed when droughts went away. Land of primitive tundra has been developed here for the first time, and glaciers are vanished and tundra zones were replaced by forest zones here later and podzol lands were formed here
Influence of the glaciers diminishes when climate change, forest zone has risen to the north and zone of old forest forms black land and at last plain zone turns to desert –plain zone as climate grows dry and favorable conditions arise for chestnut, grey and saline lands. Basing on this theory our present plain or desert-plain zones was previously tundra, so it is without doubt. So, this land zone had been formed from land formation process from other land zone.

Organic matter of the soil
Remainders of plant and animals settled on eroded products are found in various shapes. In some cases these remainders are in very weak shape and did not lose its primary shape. In that case we can see leaf part, leaf crumbs and roots and small tree crumbs which are visible easily among organic remainders. Process of rotting intensifies gradually and plant remainders begin to become more broken to pieces.
In such case we can see separate parts of remainders not with ordinary eyes but with microscope. In that case organic remainders are easily separated from mineral parts of rocks. At last rotting of plant and organic remainders may be so intensified that these remainders lose their primary shapes and get into chemical reaction with mineral part of rocks.
In such case organic matters can be separated from mineral parts of rocks just with chemical methods. Such rotting of organic remainders and getting into reaction with mineral parts of rocks create new compounds, which are called “organic-mineral compounds”. These new compounds are very durable by structure and they give color both to rock and soil, too. It turns out that non-separable part of soil mass and inappropriate fully new organic part of soil and rock is called as "humus" of the soil. One can make a conclusion from aforesaid that humus comprises only some part of organic matters in the soil. Humus matter is organic matter and it gets into close chemical reaction with soil, in dark tea or coffee color.
It is necessary to note especially that some compounds of organic remainders do not take part in humus forming. These compounds include watery carbonaceous matters structure of the plant remainders, fat and fat matters and they do not form humus. These matters are separated to simple compounds becoming broken to pieces in the result of process of rotting completely. As a whole, plant remainders play big role in forming of humus in soil. Plant remainders mainly form humus in soil. Regarding remainders of animal and insects they participate in humus forming slightly. To observe humus forming in the soil we must consider an amount of plant remainders falling on soil for long time. These remainders are dependent on structure of plant or climate condition, too. According to investigations carried out by Ebermayer there are remainders of such plants in quantity in the forests that we noted below.



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