Professor Isheryakov offered the "spirit" method for getting the land solutions. Therefore example of definite land with spirit after shaking is filtered and solution of the land is received. As this method has definite pieces it could not be applied in life. Another scientist Zukhtelen had advised to use paraffin to receive land solution. Land mixed with oil can be turned for required solution by pressing it under high pressure. American scholars Brigs and McLan had used special apparatus called centrifuge to get land solution. Land sample in certain dampness level is introduced in this apparatus and land solution is got under high pressure. As it was mentioned above these methods are not suitable for getting solutions practically. “Water weighing” method is used to receive land solution recently. Land sample under this method is mixed with water and becomes broken into pieces, passed though filter and received solution is analyzed. Water weighing of land received by this method can create certain impression on land solution.
Composition and properties of the land solutions.
Composition of the land solutions varies in the types of some land and layers. This variety relatively to salts in its structure is varying changed for color, reaction, first of all. Land solutions may be sour, weakly sour, neutral, alkali and weakly alkali. Reaction of podzol type lands is neutral in sour and weakly sour black lands, and alkali and weak alkali in chestnut type of land. Generally, sour content of land solutions is connected with hydrogen ion in its structure. Hydrogen ion is connected with presence of organic acids’ hydrolyze (for reaction with water), or carbonated salts. Moreover, mineral, organic and organic compounds in the form of colloid can be found in the form of salt in structure of solution. Organic and mineral compounds in structure of the solution are of various types in different land types. For instance, organic compounds in podzol and grey swamp lands and organic and mineral compounds are combined.
But mineral compounds in chestnut type lands are much than organic compounds. From mineral salts being in structure of the solution: Nitrate, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, silicate, phosphate, magnet, potassium, natrium carbonate salt, aluminium–iron salts can be found. But most spread from these salts are nitrate carbonate, silicate, chloride, sulphates. But regarding organic compound humus matter can be found in the structure of the solution.
As we mentioned above, salts have spread in structure of the solution but only in the form of some ions. Therefore following cations Ca\", Mg\", K\', Na\', NH\'4, Fe\", Fe\"\', Al\"\'.
and anions: NO\'2, NO\'3, Cl\', HCO\'3, CO\'\'3, SiO\'\'3, SO4, PO4 and besides them H\' and H\' ions in independent form can be found in the structure of solution.
But H and to meet to ÎÙ\' ion is/are (the) possible in structure of another solution in the free circumstance (case) from these.
Acidity property of the land solutions.
As a whole, they distinguish two kinds of acidity in land solutions at result of researchers carried out:
Actual acidity. Sometimes it is called as active acidity, too. This acidity in the structure of the solution is acidity that appears with participation of independent hydrogen ion.
Potential acidity. This acidity is formed with participation of acids or acid salts in the land solutions. Level of acidity in land is defined with high or low level of hydrogen ion. Therefore, hydrogen ion is taken as a unit measure for expressing acidity level.
Getting of free hydrogen ion in structure of solution is formed only under dissociation of water. Water is separated to such separate ions during dissociation process.
H2O = H\' OH
Level of water dissociation is equal to 1014 as per carried out researches.
H OH = 1014
when H = OH it is neutral → pH = 7 neutral
H >low = OH alkali → pH > 7 alkali
H
H2O = H OH
Water is separated into H and OH ions in equal quantity during the water dissociation. H=OH. Therefore, dissociation level of each ion is equal to 7. Acidity level of the solution is marked as a whole with "pH" index. Here “P” shows dirt of H ion. If pH = 7 the reaction will be neutral, and if pH – 7, then reaction is little sour and when over 7 the reaction is alkali. Acidity level of land is defined with electrometric and calorimetric method.
Reaction of the land does not stay always in the same level. Reaction of the land in rainy reasons can turn to alkali condition. Therefore it is possible to say that pH of the land is contrary prepositional with its dampness degree. Reaction of land has great importance in its forming. Particularly biochemical processes going in the land have direct influence on pH. As you know degree of optimum pH is around 6.5 -7 for biochemical processes. pH must be equal to 7 for suitable going of nitrating process of land.
At last if pH is above 7 then dehydration process must occur in land. Moreover acidity property of the solution influences land formation process, too. If PH is less than 7, lands that unsaturated in the base are formed at such case. If PH is equal to 7 or higher then “saturated lands in bases” is formed. For instance: podzol, swampy soils which were not unsaturated in bases, black, chestnut and grey land are counted as saturated land.
Subsoil waters.
To study land solutions deeply subsoil waters can be used, too. Because subsoil waters are connected with land solutions directly. Therefore, composition of the subsoil waters can give us an idea about land solutions. Source of the subsoil waters in the land is dampness of atmosphere filtered from the land layer. This dampness has solved much salts in the structure of land by being filtered from land and can pass to subsoils gradually. A few methods had been offered for learning subsoil waters of the land:
1. Lisemetric method.
2. Analysis of the solution of the drainage waters.
3. Analysis of the well waters.
Air of the land
As land mass is porous, these vacuums are filled with certain air. Volume of air in the land structure is dependent on its porosity and dampness level. As vacuums are filled with air in very damp lands, volume of the air of the land is less, too. Volume of air is high compared to big porous soils. Air of the land differs much from atmospheric air. Mostly CO2 gas is spread in land air. This is connected with microbiologic processes in the land, too. Sooth to say, CO2 gas secreted by microbe and bacteria mixes up to the land air. Regarding oxygen, its volume in land air is lower compared to atmosphere. If quantity of the "CO2" is very high in structure of the land air, then CO2 gas creates acidity.
This without doubt, creates harmful condition either for plant root or lives of bacteria. Sometimes, or to be more true, during anaerobe process H2S; CH4 and other such gases can be found in the in structure of the land. At result of researches carried out it was found that air of land has direct link with atmospheric air. Or to be truer, permanent process of changes passes between land air and atmospheric air. This process of change occurs while diminishing mostly the temperature of land and air. At high temperature conditions air passes from land to atmosphere. Besides rainfalls falling to on land can renew land air, too. These changing of land air are much dependent on porosity level and its structure besides these factors. In lands with very porous clear structure, aeration of land passes at the normal speed.
Colloids of the land
At result of erosion under the influence of foreign factors as we noted rocks are dispersed into small crack forms and passes to sand or clay sometimes. When erosion continues eroded items can increase its dispersing level higher and at result it can be so small that and pass to form of separate molecules and be solved in water. Particles which were dispersed at high degree have new property. And it causes for constant Brown motion, adhesive property and increase of surfaces in them. It has been discovered in the result of carrying out research that mechanical particles are counted till 0.1 millimicrobes from 0.1 microbes from colloids of the land. Land colloids play the big part either in structure of the land or its property. Colloids are counted the most active part of the land. In a word, it is possible to say that this part of land has gathered the most valuable food matters of the land. And finally, land colloids create ability of "absorption land” . Colloids are separated in two colloids of "hel" and "zol" according to physical system. Hel colloids are in unsolved conditions inside of the solution. But zol colloids are colloids being in the situation sometimes solved in structure of the solution and sometimes hung. But solutions created by these colloids are called as liar solutions. Hel colloids are parts that settle at the bottom when put in muddy water. But colloids in hung conditions are called zol colloids.
But hel colloids can change to zol colloids and zol colloids to hel colloids in the result of some conditions.
The process of passing of zol colloids to hel colloids is called coagulation. Land colloids are divided into two groups according to the chemical composition.
1. They are inorganic colloids: Alimo silicates partitioned at colloid degree, iron hydrates and iron oxides are included here.
2. They are organic colloids: Humus items are included here in colloid degree. Both colloids that we mentioned above have electric load. But inorganic colloids carry load of positive electric, and organic colloids carry negative electricity. Because of the most organic colloid in the structure of the land it is possible to say that most colloids of the land have negative electricity load. At process of perfection at result of reaction positive and negative colloid lose their electric load. Generally perfection of colloids can appear at result of conditions that we noted. He (she, it) will be able to form as a whole in the result of condition that/where we noted (informed) to becoming perfect of the colloids below:
1. At sharp change of temperature: If upper layer of land gets frozen at cold seasons, the favorable condition is created for perfection of colloids.
2. When land colloids pass through thin capillaries the process of perfection can arise.
3. When dampness of land changes or during influence of salts on land solutions colloids can be perfected. It was found in the result of carrying out of researches that perfection ability of the salts is dependent on valency of the ions and atomic weight.
If valency of the ion and atomic weight is high its perfection ability will be high, too.
When valency of the ions that we noted gets high its perfection ability increases relatively to each other, too:
K\'; Na\'; Zi\'; Ag\'; Ca\"; Mg\"; S\"; Fe\"\'; Al\"\' .
As CO cation is most spread among land solutions, it is deemed to be one of the factors that can be perfected at land colloids. During perfection process they are such colloids which pass back from hel to zol. Such colloids are called as “turned colloids”, some colloids do not pass to zol form after perfection and such colloids are called as “unturned colloids”.
Connection of land colloids with water.
As we mentioned above the colloids have absorption ability. To make it clear if we keep soft grinded sample of land in humid air for certain period, at that dampness will be absorbed by land less or more.
Accumulation of water molecules around colloid particle occurs due to molecular gravitation force or surface tension. Gradually water molecules surround colloid particle as complete ring. Therefore thin water layer appears around the colloid. Such accumulation of water around the colloid particles is called absorption. As a whole, such property of colloids creates a new property, which is this absorption ability.
Absorbability of the soil
Characteristic sign separating the land from rocks is its absorption ability. This ability of land has big practical and theoretic importance. Absorption ability of the land forms its most basic food reserve. Because of the absorption ability of some sandy lands is lower, it can be said that water stock in such lands is insufficient. Generally, depending on absorption of various compounds by land at different speeds, absorption ability of the land is divided to five types:
1. Mechanical absorbability.
2. Physical absorbability.
3. Physical and chemical absorbability.
4. Chemical absorbability.
5. Biological absorbability.
Mechanical absorbability: As we know a land is porous mass. Therefore, different diameter thin capillary blood vessel can be found in the land layer. Separate hung mechanical particles in the structure of solution, compounds are filtered through land layer and get down apart from small capillaries.
As we noted mechanical absorption by land is dependant on quantity of porosity. Therefore the more the porosity in land layer the more will be capillary pipes and at result mechanical absorption ability of land would be higher. One of the factors that influence on mechanical absorption ability is a structure of land. Likewise in clear structured lands the mechanical absorption is high but in unstructured lands sometimes in spreading conditions and in hard lands a mechanical absorption is very week. In general mechanical absorption ability has a great part in forming of land. Generation of separate land layers passes under mechanical absorption ability of land.
Physical absorbability; ability of physical absorption consists of accumulation of items solved in solution around this particle under influence of molecular force appeared at result of surface tension at colloid particles. This absorption ability of land only passes under physical strength, so it is called physical absorption ability. This ability is called sometimes as absorption. As a whole, absorption of the land is divided into two parts. In positive absorptions colloid particle accumulate around itself compounds in opposite electric load.
If electric load of the matters is same with electric load of the colloid particle, in such case this molecular force will repulse the same matters from itself.
Some compounds from positively adsorbed by land KOH, NaOH, Ca (OH)2 Mg (OH)2 can be noted as base of organic acids. Adsorbed compound: Chloride, sulphate and nitrates can be related to this group.
If there is one property of physical absorption then it can be adsorbed by molecule under influence of such absorption ability. Compounds adsorbed with this kind do not enter to any reaction with solution and have not changed composition and is kept in the solution. So, it can be noted that only dissociated compounds can be adsorbed by land at physical speed. Physical absorption ability has great influence on lands. Because under influence of this ability various dirt solutions are formed at land layers. If plant roots need any dirt solution, for their demand they can use those food solutions.
